Compositions comprising eicosapentaenoic acid and a hydroxyl compound and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to, inter alia, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and to methods of using the same to treat or prevent cardiovascular-related diseases.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/766,464, filed Feb. 19, 2013, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference and relied upon.

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and most European countries. It is estimated that over 70 million people in the United States alone suffer from a cardiovascular disease or disorder including but not limited to high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, congestive heart failure and stroke. A need exists for improved treatments for cardiovascular diseases and disorders.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g., ethyl eicosapentaenoate) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and a hydroxyl compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof.

In any embodiment disclosed herein, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate (e.g., at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids or derivatives thereof present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate). In any embodiment disclosed herein, the pharmaceutical composition may include substantially no DHA or esters thereof, essentially no DHA or esters thereof, or no more than about 5%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, DHA or esters thereof.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating and/or preventing a cardiovascular-related disease comprising co-administering a pharmaceutical composition or composition(s) comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the EPA and the hydroxyl compound can be co-formulated as a single dosage unit or can be formulated as two to a plurality of dosage units for coordinated, combination or concomitant administration

In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing a cardiovascular-related disease using compositions as described herein. In some embodiments, the cardiovascular-related disease is hypertriglyceridemia.

These and other embodiments of the present invention will be disclosed in further detail herein below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the present invention is capable of being embodied in various forms, the description below of several embodiments is made with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated. Headings are provided for convenience only and are not to be construed to limit the invention in any manner. Embodiments illustrated under any heading may be combined with embodiments illustrated under any other heading.

The use of numerical values in the various quantitative values specified in this application, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are stated as approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges were both preceded by the word “about.” In this manner, slight variations from a stated value can be used to achieve substantially the same results as the stated value. Also, the disclosure of ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values recited as well as any ranges that can be formed by such values. Also disclosed herein are any and all ratios (and ranges of any such ratios) that can be formed by dividing a recited numeric value into any other recited numeric value. Accordingly, the skilled person will appreciate that many such ratios, ranges, and ranges of ratios can be unambiguously derived from the numerical values presented herein and in all instances such ratios, ranges, and ranges of ratios represent various embodiments of the present invention.

In one embodiment, compositions of the invention comprise a polyunsaturated fatty acid as an active ingredient. In another embodiment, compositions of the invention comprise EPA as an active ingredient. The term “EPA” as used herein refers to eicosapentaenoic acid (e.g. eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, derivative, conjugate or salt thereof, or mixtures of any of the foregoing.

In one embodiment, the EPA comprises all-cis eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid. In another embodiment, the EPA is in the form of an eicosapentaenoic acid ester. In another embodiment, the EPA comprises a C₁-C₅ alkyl ester of EPA. In another embodiment, the EPA comprises eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester, eicosapentaenoic acid propyl ester, or eicosapentaenoic acid butyl ester. In still another embodiment, the EPA comprises all-cis eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid ethyl ester.

In still other embodiments, the EPA comprises ethyl-EPA, lithium EPA, mono, di- or triglyceride EPA or any other ester or salt of EPA, or the free acid form of EPA. The EPA may also be in the form of a 2-substituted derivative or other derivative which slows down its rate of oxidation but does not otherwise change its biological action to any substantial degree.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the present context means that the substance in question does not produce unacceptable toxicity to the subject or interaction with other components of the composition.

In one embodiment, EPA present in a composition of the invention comprises ultra-pure EPA. The term “ultra-pure” as used herein with respect to EPA refers to a composition comprising at least 96% by weight EPA (as the term “EPA” is defined and exemplified herein). Ultra-pure EPA can comprise even higher purity EPA, for example at least 97% by weight EPA or at least 98% by weight EPA, wherein the EPA is any form of EPA as set forth herein. Ultra-pure EPA can further be defined (e.g. impurity profile) by any of the description of EPA provided herein.

In other embodiments, EPA is present in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 50 mg to about 5000 mg, about 75 mg to about 2500 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, for example about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, about 500 mg, about 525 mg, about 550 mg, about 575 mg, about 600 mg, about 625 mg, about 650 mg, about 675 mg, about 700 mg, about 725 mg, about 750 mg, about 775 mg, about 800 mg, about 825 mg, about 850 mg, about 875 mg, about 900 mg, about 925 mg, about 950 mg, about 975 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1225 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1275 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1325 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1375 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1425 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1475 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1525 mg, about 1550 mg, about 1575 mg, about 1600 mg, about 1625 mg, about 1650 mg, about 1675 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1725 mg, about 1750 mg, about 1775 mg, about 1800 mg, about 1825 mg, about 1850 mg, about 1875 mg, about 1900 mg, about 1925 mg, about 1950 mg, about 1975 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2025 mg, about 2050 mg, about 2075 mg, about 2100 mg, about 2125 mg, about 2150 mg, about 2175 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2225 mg, about 2250 mg, about 2275 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2325 mg, about 2350 mg, about 2375 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2425 mg, about 2450 mg, about 2475 mg, about 2500 mg, about 2525 mg, about 2550 mg, about 2575 mg, about 2600 mg, about 2625 mg, about 2650 mg, about 2675 mg, about 2700 mg, about 2725 mg, about 2750 mg, about 2775 mg, about 2800 mg, about 2825 mg, about 2850 mg, about 2875 mg, about 2900 mg, about 2925 mg, about 2950 mg, about 2975 mg, about 3000 mg, about 3025 mg, about 3050 mg, about 3075 mg, about 3100 mg, about 3125 mg, about 3150 mg, about 3175 mg, about 3200 mg, about 3225 mg, about 3250 mg, about 3275 mg, about 3300 mg, about 3325 mg, about 3350 mg, about 3375 mg, about 3400 mg, about 3425 mg, about 3450 mg, about 3475 mg, about 3500 mg, about 3525 mg, about 3550 mg, about 3575 mg, about 3600 mg, about 3625 mg, about 3650 mg, about 3675 mg, about 3700 mg, about 3725 mg, about 3750 mg, about 3775 mg, about 3800 mg, about 3825 mg, about 3850 mg, about 3875 mg, about 3900 mg, about 3925 mg, about 3950 mg, about 3975 mg, about 4000 mg, about 4025 mg, about 4050 mg, about 4075 mg, about 4100 mg, about 4125 mg, about 4150 mg, about 4175 mg, about 4200 mg, about 4225 mg, about 4250 mg, about 4275 mg, about 4300 mg, about 4325 mg, about 4350 mg, about 4375 mg, about 4400 mg, about 4425 mg, about 4450 mg, about 4475 mg, about 4500 mg, about 4525 mg, about 4550 mg, about 4575 mg, about 4600 mg, about 4625 mg, about 4650 mg, about 4675 mg, about 4700 mg, about 4725 mg, about 4750 mg, about 4775 mg, about 4800 mg, about 4825 mg, about 4850 mg, about 4875 mg, about 4900 mg, about 4925 mg, about 4950 mg, about 4975 mg, or about 5000 mg.

In one embodiment, compositions of the invention comprise a hydroxyl compound as an active ingredient. The term “hydroxyl compound” as used herein refers to compounds of formulas I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates or mixtures of stereoisomers thereof.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “alkyl group” means a saturated, monovalent unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C₁-C₆)alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2 methyl 2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2 methyl-3-butyl, 2,2 dimethyl 1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3 methyl-1-pentyl, 4 methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4 methyl 2 pentyl, 2,2 dimethyl 1 butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, and hexyl, and longer alkyl groups, such as heptyl, and octyl. An alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term an “alkenyl group” means a monovalent unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more double bonds therein. The double bond of an alkenyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group. Suitable alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to (C₂-C₆)alkenyl groups, such as vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, 2-propyl-2-butenyl, 4-(2-methyl-3-butene)-pentenyl. An alkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term an “alkynyl group” means monovalent unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more triple bonds therein. The triple bond of an alkynyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group. Suitable alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl groups, such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, 4-methyl-1-butynyl, 4-propyl-2-pentynyl, and 4-butyl-2-hexynyl. An alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term an “aryl group” means a monocyclic or polycyclic-aromatic radical comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms. Examples of suitable aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, tolyl, anthacenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and naphthyl, as well as benzo-fused carbocyclic moieties such as 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl. An aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents. Preferably, the aryl group is a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises 6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as “(C₆)aryl”.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term an “heteroaryl group” means a monocyclic- or polycyclic aromatic ring comprising carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and one or more heteroatoms, preferably 1 to 3 heteroatoms, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, (1,2,3)- and (1,2,4)-triazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thiophenyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, phenyl, isoxazolyl, and oxazolyl. A heteroaryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents. Preferably, a heteroaryl group is a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises 2 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, referred to herein as “(C₂-C₅)heteroaryl”.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “cycloalkyl group” means a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated ring comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms and having no carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl, and saturated cyclic and bicyclic terpenes. A cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or two suitable substituents. Preferably, the cycloalkyl group is a monocyclic ring or bicyclic ring.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “heterocycloalkyl group” means a monocyclic or polycyclic ring comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms and at least one heteroatom, preferably, 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and having no unsaturation. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidino, piperidinyl, piperidino, piperazinyl, piperazino, morpholinyl, morpholino, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholino, and pyranyl. A heterocycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents. Preferably, the heterocycloalkyl group is a monocyclic or bicyclic ring, more preferably, a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises from 3 to 6 carbon atoms and form 1 to 3 heteroatoms, referred to herein as (C₁-C₆)heterocycloalkyl.

As used herein, the terms “heterocyclic radical” or “heterocyclic ring” mean a heterocycloalkyl group or a heteroaryl with respect to the hydroxyl compound group.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “alkoxy group” means an —O-alkyl group, wherein alkyl is as defined above. An alkoxy group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents. Preferably, the alkyl chain of an alkyloxy group is from 1 to 6 carbon atoms in length, referred to herein as “(C₁-C₆)alkoxy”.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “aryloxy group” means an —O-aryl group, wherein aryl is as defined above. An aryloxy group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents. Preferably, the aryl ring of an aryloxy group is a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises 6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as “(C₆)aryloxy”.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “benzyl” means —CH₂— phenyl.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “phenyl” means —C₆H₅. A phenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents, wherein the substituent replaces an H of the phenyl group. As used herein, “Ph,” represents a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “hydrocarbyl” group means a monovalent group selected from (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or two suitable substituents. Preferably, the hydrocarbon chain of a hydrocarbyl group is from 1 to 6 carbon atoms in length, referred to herein as “(C₁-C₆)hydrocarbyl”.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, a “carbonyl” group is a divalent group of the formula C(O).

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, the term “alkoxycarbonyl” group means a monovalent group of the formula —C(O)-alkoxy. Preferably, the hydrocarbon chain of an alkoxycarbonyl group is from 1 to 8 carbon atoms in length, referred to herein as a “lower alkoxycarbonyl” group.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, a “carbamoyl” group means the radical —C(O)N(R′)₂, wherein R′ is chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, “halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Accordingly, the meaning of the terms “halo” and “Hal” encompass fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

As used herein with respect to the hydroxyl compound, a “suitable substituent” means a group that does not nullify the synthetic or pharmaceutical utility of the compounds of the invention or the intermediates useful for preparing them. Examples of suitable substituents include, but are not limited to: (C₁-C₈)alkyl; (C₁-C₈)alkenyl; (C₁-C₈)alkynyl; (C₆)aryl; (C₂-C₅)heteroaryl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; (C₁-C₈)alkoxy; (C₆)aryloxy; —CN; —OH; oxo; halo, —CO₂H; —NH₂; —NH((C₁-C₈)alkyl); —N((C₁-C₈)alkyl)₂; —NH((C₆)aryl); —N((C₆)aryl)₂; —CHO; —CO((C₁-C₈)alkyl); —CO((C₆)aryl); —CO₂((C₁-C₈)alkyl); and —CO₂((C₆)aryl). One of skill in the art can readily choose a suitable substituent based on the stability and pharmacological and synthetic activity of the compound of the invention.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or mixture thereof, wherein:

-   -   (a) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging         from 0 to 5;     -   (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging         from 3 to 7;     -   (c) X is (CH₂), or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and         Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group;

(d) each occurrence of R¹, R², R¹¹, and R¹² is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, wherein R¹, R², R¹¹, and R¹² are not each simultaneously H; and

-   -   (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         OH, COOH, COOR³, SO₃H,

wherein:

(i) Y¹ and Y² are not each simultaneously (C₁-C₆)alkyl;

-   -   (ii) R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or phenyl         groups; and     -   (iv) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or mixture thereof, wherein:

-   -   (a) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging         from 3 to 7;     -   (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging         from 0 to 5;     -   (c) X is (CH₂), or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and         Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group;     -   (d) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl, OH,         COOH, COOR⁷, SO₃H,

wherein:

-   -   (i) R⁷ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (ii) each occurrence of R⁸ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or phenyl         groups,     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁹ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (e) R³ and R⁴ are (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         phenyl, or benzyl;     -   (f) R⁵ and R⁶ are H, halogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,         (C₆)aryloxy, CN, or NO₂, N(R⁵)₂ where R⁵ is H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,         phenyl, or benzyl;     -   (g) C*¹ and C*² represent independent chiral-carbon centers         wherein each center may independently be R or S.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or mixture thereof, wherein

-   -   (a) each occurrence of R¹, R², R⁶, R⁷, R¹¹, or R¹² is         independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl;     -   (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging         from 1 to 7;     -   (c) X is (CH₂)_(z) or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4         and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group;     -   (d) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging         from 0 to 4;     -   (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         CH₂OH, C(O)OH, OC(O)R³, C(O)OR³, SO₃H,

wherein:

-   -   (i) R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (ii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or phenyl         groups;     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; and     -   (f) b is 0 or 1 and optionally the ring contains the presence of         one or more additional carbon-carbon bonds that when present         complete one or more carbon-carbon double bonds such that when b         is 0 the maximum number of carbon-carbon bonds is two or when b         is 1 the maximum number of carbon-carbon bonds is three.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula IV:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or mixture thereof, wherein

-   -   (a) each occurrence of R¹, R², R⁶, R⁷, R¹¹, or R¹² is         independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         phenyl, or benzyl;     -   (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging         from 1 to 7;     -   (c) X is (CH₂), or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and         Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4-substituted phenyl group;     -   (d) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging         from 0 to 4;     -   (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         CH₂OH, C(O)OH, OC(O)R³, C(O)OR³, SO₃H,

wherein:

-   -   (i) R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (ii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or phenyl         groups;     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; and     -   (f) each occurrence of b is independently 0 or 1 and optionally         each of the rings independently contains the presence of one or         more additional carbon-carbon bonds that when present complete         one or more carbon-carbon double bonds such that when b is 0 the         maximum number of carbon-carbon bonds is two or when b is 1 the         maximum number of carbon-carbon bonds is three.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula V:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or mixture thereof, wherein

-   -   (a) each occurrence of R¹, R², R⁶, R⁷, R¹¹ or R¹² is         independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl;     -   (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging         from 1 to 7;     -   (c) X is (CH₂)_(z) or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4         and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group;     -   (d) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging         from 0 to 4;     -   (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         CH₂OH, C(O)OH, OC(O)R³, C(O)OR³, SO₃H,

wherein:

-   -   (i) R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (ii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or phenyl         groups;     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; and     -   (f) b is 0 or 1 and optionally the ring contains one or more         carbon-carbon bonds that when present complete one or more         carbon-carbon double bonds.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula VI:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or mixture thereof, wherein:

-   -   (a) each occurrence of R¹, R², R⁶, R⁷, R¹¹, or R¹² is         independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl;     -   (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging         from 1 to 7;     -   (c) X is (CH₂)_(z) or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4         and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group;     -   (d) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging         from 0 to 4;     -   (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         CH₂OH, C(O)OH, OC(O)R³, C(O)OR³, SO₃H,

wherein:

-   -   (i) R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (ii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or phenyl         groups; and     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; and     -   (f) b is 0 or 1 and optionally the ring contains one or more         carbon-carbon bonds that when present complete one or more         carbon-carbon double bonds.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula VII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or mixture thereof, wherein

-   -   (a) Z is CH₂, CH═CH, or phenyl, where each occurrence of m is         independently an integer ranging from 1 to 9, but when Z is         phenyl then its associated m is 1;

(b) G is (CH₂)—, where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, CH₂CH═CHCH₂, CH═CH, CH₂-phenyl-CH₂, or phenyl;

(c) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently L, V, C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH₂)n-Y, or C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)c-V where c is 1 or 2 and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; when G is (CH₂)_(x), where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, W² is CH₃;

-   -   (d) each occurrence of R′ or R² is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl or when one or         both of Y¹ and Y² is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH₂)n-W, then         R¹ and R² can both be H to form a methylene group;     -   (e) R³ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃;     -   (f) R⁴ is OH, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃;     -   (g) L is C(R′)(R²)—(CH₂)n-W;     -   (h) V is:

-   -   (i) each occurrence of W is independently OH, COOH, CHO, COOR⁵,         SO₃H,

wherein:

-   -   (i) R⁵ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (ii) each occurrence of R⁶ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C₁-C₆) alkoxy, or phenyl         groups;     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁷ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; and     -   (j) X is (CH₂)_(z) or PH, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula VIII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or mixture thereof, wherein

-   -   (a) Z is CH₂, CH═CH, or phenyl, where each occurrence of m is         independently an integer ranging from 1 to 9, but when Z is         phenyl then its associated m is 1;     -   (b) G is (CH₂)_(x), where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, CH₂CH═CHCH₂,         CH═CH, CH₂-phenyl-CH₂, or phenyl;     -   (c) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently L, V,         C(R¹)(R²)(CH₂)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH₂)n-Y, or C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)c-V where         c is 1 or 2 and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; when G is         (CH₂)_(x), where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, W² is CH₃;     -   (d) each occurrence of R¹ or R² is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl or when one or         both of Y¹ and Y² is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH₂)n-W, then         R¹ and R² can both be H to form a methylene group;     -   (e) R³ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃;     -   (f) R⁴ is OH, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃;     -   (g) L is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)n-W;     -   (h) V is:

-   -   (i) each occurrence of W is independently OH, COOH, CHO, COOR⁵,         SO₃H,

wherein:

-   -   (i) R⁵ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (ii) each occurrence of R⁶ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C₁-C₆) alkoxy, or phenyl         groups; and     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁷ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula IX:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or mixture thereof, wherein

-   -   (a) Z is CH₂, CH═CH, or phenyl, where each occurrence of m is         independently an integer ranging from 1 to 9, but when Z is         phenyl then its associated m is 1;     -   (b) G is (CH₂)_(x), where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, CH₂CH═CHCH₂,         CH═CH, CH₂-phenyl-CH₂, or phenyl;     -   (c) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently L, V,         C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH₂)n-Y, or C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)c-V where         c is 1 or 2 and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; when G is         (CH₂)—, where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, W² is CH₃;     -   (d) each occurrence of R¹ or R² is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl or when one or         both of Y¹ and Y² is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH₂)n-W, then         Wand R² can both be H to form a methylene group;     -   (e) R³ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃;     -   (f) R⁴ is OH, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃;     -   (g) L is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)n-W;     -   (h) V is:

-   -   (i) each occurrence of W is independently OH, COOH, CHO, COOR⁵,         SO₃H,

wherein:

-   -   (i) R⁵ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, phenyl,         or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more         halo, OH, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, or phenyl groups,     -   (ii) each occurrence of R⁶ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C₁-C₆) alkoxy, or phenyl         groups; and     -   (iii) each occurrence of R⁷ is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is present in a composition of the invention in a an amount less than, approximately equal to, or greater than an amount effective for treating a disease or disorder if the hydroxyl compound is administered as a monotherapy. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 2 mg to about 1000 mg of hydroxyl compound, about 5 mg to about 500 mg of hydroxyl compound, about 7 mg to about 200 mg of hydroxyl compound, about 10 mg to about 100 mg of hydroxyl compound, or about 7 mg to about 10 mg of hydroxyl compound, for example about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 7.1 mg, about 7.2 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 42 mg, about 45 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 60 mg, about 63 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 110 mg, about 115 mg, about 120 mg, about 125 mg, about 130 mg, about 135 mg, about 140 mg, about 145 mg, about 150 mg, about 155 mg, about 160 mg, about 165 mg, about 170 mg, about 175 mg, about 180 mg, about 185 mg, about 190 mg, about 195 mg, about 200 mg, about 205 mg, about 210 mg, about 215 mg, about 220 mg, about 225 mg, about 230 mg, about 235 mg, about 240 mg, about 245 mg, about 250 mg, about 255 mg, about 260 mg, about 265 mg, about 270 mg, about 275 mg, about 280 mg, about 285 mg, about 290 mg, about 295 mg, about 300 mg, about 305 mg, about 310 mg, about 315 mg, about 320 mg, about 325 mg, about 330 mg, about 335 mg, about 340 mg, about 345 mg, about 350 mg, about 355 mg, about 360 mg, about 365 mg, about 370 mg, about 375 mg, about 380 mg, about 385 mg, about 390 mg, about 395 mg, about 400 mg, about 405 mg, about 410 mg, about 415 mg, about 420 mg, about 425 mg, about 430 mg, about 435 mg, about 440 mg, about 445 mg, about 450 mg, about 455 mg, about 460 mg, about 465 mg, about 470 mg, about 475 mg, about 480 mg, about 485 mg, about 490 mg, about 495 mg, about 500 mg, about 505 mg, about 510 mg, about 515 mg, about 520 mg, about 525 mg, about 530 mg, about 535 mg, about 540 mg, about 545 mg, about 550 mg, about 555 mg, about 560 mg, about 565 mg, about 570 mg, about 575 mg, about 580 mg, about 585 mg, about 590 mg, about 595 mg, about 600 mg, about 605 mg, about 610 mg, about 615 mg, about 620 mg, about 625 mg, about 630 mg, about 635 mg, about 640 mg, about 645 mg, about 650 mg, about 655 mg, about 660 mg, about 665 mg, about 670 mg, about 675 mg, about 680 mg, about 685 mg, about 690 mg, about 695 mg, about 700 mg, about 705 mg, about 710 mg, about 715 mg, about 720 mg, about 725 mg, about 730 mg, about 735 mg, about 740 mg, about 745 mg, about 750 mg, about 755 mg, about 760 mg, about 765 mg, about 770 mg, about 775 mg, about 780 mg, about 785 mg, about 790 mg, about 795 mg, about 800 mg, about 805 mg, about 810 mg, about 815 mg, about 820 mg, about 825 mg, about 830 mg, about 835 mg, about 840 mg, about 845 mg, about 850 mg, about 855 mg, about 860 mg, about 865 mg, about 870 mg, about 875 mg, about 880 mg, about 885 mg, about 890 mg, about 895 mg, about 900 mg, about 905 mg, about 910 mg, about 915 mg, about 920 mg, about 925 mg, about 930 mg, about 935 mg, about 940 mg, about 945 mg, about 950 mg, about 955 mg, about 960 mg, about 965 mg, about 970 mg, about 975 mg, about 980 mg, about 985 mg, about 990 mg, about 995 mg, or about 1000 mg.

In various embodiments, one or more antioxidants can be present in a composition according to the present invention. Non-limiting examples of suitable antioxidants include tocopherol, lecithin, citric acid and/or ascorbic acid. One or more antioxidants, if desired, are typically present in the composition in an amount of about 0.01% to about 0.1%, by weight, or about 0.025% to about 0.05%, by weight.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention contains not more than about 10%, not more than about 9%, not more than about 8%, not more than about 7%, not more than about 6%, not more than about 5%, not more than about 4%, not more than about 3%, not more than about 2%, not more than about 1%, or not more than about 0.5%, by weight of total fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid or derivative thereof such as E-DHA, if any. In another embodiment, a composition of the invention contains substantially no docosahexaenoic acid or derivative thereof such as E-DHA. In still another embodiment, a composition of the invention contains no docosahexaenoic acid or E-DHA.

In another embodiment, EPA represents at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100%, by weight, of all fatty acids present in a composition of the invention.

In another embodiment, a composition of the invention contains less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.5% or less than 0.25%, by weight of the total composition or by weight of the total fatty acid content, of any fatty acid other than EPA, or derivative thereof. Illustrative examples of a “fatty acid other than EPA” include linolenic acid (LA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid (AA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-AA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-ALA, stearadonic acid (STA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-SA, eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-ETA and/or docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DPA.

In another embodiment, a composition of the invention has one or more of the following features: (a) eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester represents at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98%, by weight, of all fatty acids present in the composition; (b) the composition contains not more than 4%, not more than 3%, or not more than 2%, by weight, of total fatty acids other than eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; (c) the composition contains not more than 0.6%, 0.5%, or 0.4% of any individual fatty acid other than eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; (d) the composition has a refractive index (20° C.) of about 1 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.8 or about 1.4 to about 1.5; (e) the composition has a specific gravity (20° C.) of about 0.8 to about 1.0, about 0.85 to about 0.95 or about 0.9 to about 0.92; (0 the composition contains not more than 20 ppm, 15 ppm or 10 ppm heavy metals, (g) the composition contains not more than 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, or 2 ppm arsenic, and/or (h) the composition has a peroxide value not more than 5, 4, 3, or 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with the invention comprises a hydroxyl compound and a fatty acid component comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of at least 95% by weight ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA-E), about 0.2% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate (ODTA-E), about 0.05% to about 0.25% by weight ethyl nonadecapentaenoate (NDPA-E), about 0.2% to about 0.45% by weight ethyl arachidonate (AA-E), about 0.3% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl eicosatetraenoate (ETA-E), and about 0.05% to about 0.32% ethyl heneicosapentaenoate (HPA-E). In another embodiment, the composition is present in a capsule shell. In still another embodiment, the capsule shell contains no chemically modified gelatin.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with the invention comprises a hydroxyl compound and a fatty acid component comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 96% or 97%, by weight, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.2% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.05% to about 0.25% by weight ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.2% to about 0.45% by weight ethyl arachidonate, about 0.3% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl eicosatetraenoate, and about 0.05% to about 0.32% by weight ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight tocopherol. In another embodiment, about 500 mg to about 1 g of the composition is provided in a capsule shell. In another embodiment, the capsule shell contains no chemically modified gelatin.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with the invention comprises a hydroxyl compound and a fatty acid component comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of at least 96% by weight ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.22% to about 0.4% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.075% to about 0.20% by weight ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.40% by weight ethyl arachidonate, about 0.3% to about 0.4% by weight ethyl eicosatetraenoate and about 0.075% to about 0.25% by weight ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the fatty acid component of the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight, tocopherol. In another embodiment, the invention provides a dosage form comprising about 500 mg to about 1 g of the foregoing composition in a capsule shell. In one embodiment, the dosage form is a gel- or liquid-containing capsule and is packaged in blister packages of about 1 to about 20 capsules per sheet.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with the invention comprises a hydroxyl compound and a fatty acid component comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of at least 96%, 97% or 98%, by weight, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.38% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.10% to about 0.15% by weight ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.35% by weight ethyl arachidonate, about 0.31% to about 0.38% by weight ethyl eicosatetraenoate, and about 0.08% to about 0.20% by weight ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight tocopherol. In another embodiment, the invention provides a dosage form comprising about 500 mg to about 1 g of the foregoing composition in a capsule shell. In another embodiment, the capsule shell contains no chemically modified gelatin.

In various embodiments, capsule shells suitable for use in the present invention comprise one or more film-forming materials, one or more plasticizers and optionally a solvent (e.g. water). In a related embodiment, the film-forming material comprises gelatin. In another embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a hygroscopic and/or non-hygroscopic plasticizer. In still another embodiment, the capsule shell comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer, a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and a solvent.

In another embodiment, the capsule shell comprises about 30% to about 70% or about 40% to about 65%, by weight, of a film-forming material, about 15% to about 40% or about 20% to about 35%, by weight, of one or more plasticizers, and about 3% to about 15% or about 5% to about 10%, by weight, solvent such as water. Optionally, the capsules may also contain additives such as colorants, flavorants, preservatives, disintegrants, surfactants, fragrances, sweeteners, etc.

Capsules suitable for use in various embodiments of the invention comprise a film-forming material, for example gelatin. Gelatin is typically manufactured from animal byproducts that contain collagen, for example in the bones, skin, and connective tissue. Methods of producing gelatin from animal byproducts are well-known in the art. In various embodiments, the gelatin may be alkali-treated gelatin, acid-treated gelatin, chemically modified gelatin, or mixtures thereof. Methods to produce alkali-treated gelatin, acid-treated gelatin, and chemically modified gelatin are known in the art and are described, for example in Nakamura et al., U.S. 2003/0195246, hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The film-forming material may also comprise, for example, non-animal based hydrocolloids such as carrageenan, alkylated or hydroxyalkylated cellulose ethers, starch, alpha-starch, hydroxyalkyl starch, sodium alginate, sodium salt of a gelatin copolymer and acrylic acid.

In another embodiment, the film-forming material can comprise a 20:80 to about 80:20, by weight, mixture, for example a 60:40, by weight mixture of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (e.g. about 70% to about 90%, for example about 88.0% saponified; and about 30 to about 50, for example about 45.0 centipoise viscosity). In another embodiment, the film-forming material can comprise a 20:80 to about 80:20, by weight, mixture, for example a 60:40, by weight, mixture of hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (e.g. about 70% to about 99.9%, for example about 98.5% saponified; and about 2 to about 30, for example about 5.5 centipoise viscosity).

A suitable capsule shell may further comprise an elasticity reducing gel extender as part of the film-forming material. An elasticity reducing gel extender can comprise starch, starch derivatives such as high amylose starch, oxidized starch, esterified starch, acid-thinned starch, etherified starch, hydrolyzed starch, hydrolyzed and hydrogenated starch, enzyme treated starch, and modified celluloses or other natural or modified natural biopolymers such as bacterial polysaccharides, vegetable gums, or other exudates including alginates, carrageenans, guar gum, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, pectins, tamarind gum, xanthan gum, and dextrans as well as synthetic polymers such as carbon chain polymers of the vinyl and acrylic types as well as heterochains of the polyoxide and polyamine types including polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyoxymethylene, polytrimethylene oxide, block copolymers of ethylene oxide, block copolymers of polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyethylene imine, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylamide, poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide), poly(N-Isopropyl acrylamide), poly(N-Acrylylglycinamide), poly(N-Methyacrylyglycinamide), acrylic copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, N-Methylpyrrolidone, N-Ethylpyrrolidone, N-Vinylpyrrolidone, sarcosine anhydride, polyvinyloxazolindone, and polyvinylmethyloxazolidone. The starch or other elasticity reducing gel extender may be added into the formulation in amounts ranging from about 8% to about 30% by weight, for example about 10% to about 16%, by weight.

Capsule shells suitable for use in various embodiments of the invention can comprise one or more plasticizers, for example hygroscopic and/or non-hygroscopic plasticizers. Non-limiting examples of suitable hygroscopic plasticizers include glycerin, sorbitol and alkylene glycols (e.g., propylene glycol and low molecular weight polyethylene glycols). Non-limiting examples of suitable non-hygroscopic plasticizers include partially dehydrated hydrogenated glucose syrup, maltitol, maltose, lactitol, xylitol, erythritol and polyethylene glycols of average molecular weights from about 400 to about 6000.

In one embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for use in a composition of the invention has a hygroscopic plasticizer to non-hygroscopic plasticizer weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 8:1, about 2:1 to about 6:1, about 3:1 to about 5:1, for example about 4:1, about 4.25:1, about 4.5:1 or about 4.75:1.

In another embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for use in a composition of the invention has a gelatin to glycerol weight ratio of about 2:5:1 to about 10:1, about 3.5:1 to about 9:1, about 4:1 to about 8:1, or about 5:1 to about 7:1, for example at least about 2.6:1, at least about 2.7:1, at least about 2.8:1, at least about 2.9:1, at least about 3:1, at least about 3.1:1, at least about 3.2:1, at least about 3.3:1, at least about 3.4:1, at least about 3.5:1, at least about 3.6:1, at least about 3.7:1, at least about 3.8:1, at least about 3.9:1, at least about 4.0:1, at least about 4.1:1, at least about 4.2:1, at least about 4.3:1, at least about 4.4:1, at least about 4.5:1, at least about 4.6:1, at least about 4.7:1, at least about 4.8:1, at least about 4.9:1, at least about 5.0:1, at least about 5.1:1, or at least about 5.2:1.

In another embodiment, a suitable capsule shell has a film-forming material (e.g. gelatin) to total plasticizer weight ratio of about 1.75 to about 5, about 1.78 to about 3, or about 1.8 to about 2.5, for example at least about 1.76, at least about 1.77, at least about 1.78, at least about 1.79, at least about 1.8, at least about 1.81, at least about 1.82, at least about 1.83, or at least about 1.84.

In another embodiment, the capsule shell has: (1) a gelatin to glycerol weight ratio of about 2:5:1 to about 10:1, about 3.5:1 to about 9:1, about 4:1 to about 8:1, or about 5:1 to about 7:1, for example at least about 2.6:1, at least about 2.7:1, at least about 2.8:1, at least about 2.9:1, at least about 3:1, at least about 3.1:1, at least about 3.2:1, at least about 3.3:1, at least about 3.4:1, at least about 3.5:1, at least about 3.6:1, at least about 3.7:1, at least about 3.8:1, at least about 3.9:1, at least about 4.0:1, at least about 4.1:1, at least about 4.2:1, at least about 4.3:1, at least about 4.4:1, at least about 4.5:1, at least about 4.6:1, at least about 4.7:1, at least about 4.8:1, at least about 4.9:1, at least about 5.0:1, at least about 5.1:1, or at least about 5.2:1; and/or (2) a gelatin to total plasticizer weight ratio of about 1.75:1 to about 5:1, about 1.78:1 to about 3:1, or about 1.8:1 to about 2.5:1, for example at least about 1.76:1, at least about 1.77:1, at least about 1.78:1, at least about 1.79:1, at least about 1.8:1, at least about 1.81, at least about 1.82, at least about 1.83, or at least about 1.84.

In one embodiment, the capsule shell comprises one or more of: gelatin in an amount of about 50% to about 70%; glycerol in an amount of about 5% to about 15%; sorbitol in an amount of about 15% to about 25%; and/or maltitol in an amount of about 3% to about 10%, by weight of the non-aqueous components. Such a capsule can further comprise about 2% to about 16% by weight of a solvent such as water.

In another embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for use in compositions of the present invention can be prepared using a gel mass comprising about 40% to about 50% gelatin, about 2% to about 12% glycerol, about 10% to about 20% sorbitol solution, about 2% to about 10% maltitol syrup, and about 20% to about 35% water, by weight. In one embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for us in a composition of the present invention can be prepared using a gel mass comprising about 45% gelatin by weight, about 7% glycerol by weight, about 17% sorbitol solution (e.g. 30% water) by weight, about 6% maltitol syrup (e.g. 15%-32% water) by weight, and about 25% water by weight. Capsules prepared from such a gel mass can be dried to about 2% to about 12% final moisture content. Capsules prepared by such a process that contain EPA (e.g. E-EPA or ultra pure E-EPA), and methods of using the same in the treatment of cardiovascular-related diseases represent further embodiments of the invention. Capsule compositions as described herein can further comprise coatings, for example enteric polymer or wax coatings.

The film formers are applied from a solvent system containing one or more solvents including water, alcohols like methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, ketones like acetone, or ethylmethyl ketone, chlorinated hydrocarbons like methylene chloride, dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a dosage form comprising a fill comprising a hydroxyl compound and a fatty acid component comprising at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises at least about 90%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises at least about 90%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises at least about 95%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises no more than about 4%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, docosahexaenoic acid or ester thereof. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises no more than about 1%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, of any single fatty acid other than ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is present in an amount of about 2 mg to about 1000 mg, about 5 mg to about 500 mg, about 7 mg to about 200 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 7 mg to about 10 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 7.1 mg, about 7.2 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 42 mg, about 45 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 60 mg, about 63 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 110 mg, about 115 mg, about 120 mg, about 125 mg, about 130 mg, about 135 mg, about 140 mg, about 145 mg, about 150 mg, about 155 mg, about 160 mg, about 165 mg, about 170 mg, about 175 mg, about 180 mg, about 185 mg, about 190 mg, about 195 mg, or about 200 mg. In some embodiments, the ethyl eicosapentaenoate is present in an amount of about 400 mg to about 2400 mg, about 400 mg to about 600 mg, about 800 mg to about 1200 mg, or about 1600 mg to about 2400 mg. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is present in an amount of about 2 mg to about 10 mg and the ethyl eicosapentaenoate is present in an amount of about 400 mg to about 2400 mg. In some embodiments, the composition has a peroxide value not greater than 8 meq/kg upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period of 6 months.

In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is present as a component of the capsule contents, for example as a solid dosage form (e.g., tablet, pill, capsule, powder, bead, microbead, crystal, paste, or any other suitable solid or semisolid form) mixed with the ethyl eicosapentaenoate, surrounded by the ethyl eicosapentaenoate, dispersed in the ethyl eicosapentaenoate, or suspended in the ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a tablet (e.g., an immediate release tablet, an extended release a tablet, control release tablet, etc.) suspended in the ethyl eicosapentaenoate within a capsule shell. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is a pill suspended in the ethyl eicosapentaenoate within a capsule shell.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a dosage form comprising a capsule shell and a fill comprising a hydroxyl compound and at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the capsule shell comprises gelatin, such as a soft gelatin. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is suspended in the ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is in the form of a solid dosage form, such as a tablet. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises no more than about 20%%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 5%, no more than about 4%, no more than about 3%, no more than about 2%, or no more than about 1%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, docosahexaenoic acid or ester thereof. In some embodiments, the dosage form comprises no more than about 1%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, of any single fatty acid other than ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is present in an amount of about 5 mg to about 1000 mg, about 50 mg to about 500 mg, about 100 mg to about 400 mg, about 150 mg to about 350 mg, about 200 mg to about 300 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, or about 300 mg. In some embodiments, the ethyl eicosapentaenoate is present in an amount of about 400 mg to about 2400 mg, about 400 mg to about 600 mg, about 800 mg to about 1200 mg, or about 1600 mg to about 2400 mg. In some embodiments, the composition has a peroxide value not greater than 8 meq/kg upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period of 6 months.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a capsule comprising a hydroxyl compound in an amount of about 2 mg to about 1000 mg and about 800 mg to about 1200 mg of a composition comprising at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, wherein the hydroxyl compound is suspended in the composition or is present in a coating on an exterior surface of the capsule. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is suspended in the composition. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is in the form of a solid dosage form. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is in the form of a tablet.

In various embodiments, the invention provides a polyunsaturated fatty acid such as EPA (e.g. E-EPA or ultra pure E-EPA) encapsulated in a pharmaceutical capsule shell. In one embodiment, the capsule shell resists, hinders, attenuates, or prevents oxidation of the fatty acid or fatty acid derivative. In another embodiment, the capsule shell resists, hinders, attenuates, or prevents oxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acid or derivative to a greater extent than a standard type IIa gelatin capsule. In another embodiment, the capsule contains no chemically modified gelatin, for example succinated, succinylated, pthalated, carbanylated and/or phenol carbanylated gelatin.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and a fatty acid component comprising EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell as described herein and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

The “baseline peroxide value” and “second peroxide values” can be measured in any suitable manner, for example by using a U.S. or PhEur or JP compendial method. Typically, a plurality of encapsulated EPA compositions are provided, each composition containing EPA having been encapsulated at substantially the same time. A first sampling of 1 or more capsules from the plurality is provided, the capsules are opened and peroxide value of the EPA is measured substantially immediately thereafter, providing an average baseline peroxide value. At substantially the same time, a second sampling of 1 or more capsules from the plurality are provided and are placed under desired storage conditions for a desired time period. At the end of the desired time period, the capsules are opened and peroxide value of the EPA is measured substantially immediately thereafter, providing an average second peroxide value. The baseline and second peroxide values can then be compared. In one embodiment, the “baseline peroxide value” and “second peroxide value” are determined using a plurality of encapsulated EPA dosage units wherein each dosage unit was encapsulated (i.e. the EPA filled and sealed into capsules) within a same 60 day period, same 30 day period, a same 20 day period, a same 10 day period, a same 5 day period or a same 1 day period.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and a fatty acid component comprising EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell as described herein and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell as described herein and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/k meq/kg g, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell as described herein and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of not less than 1.75:1 and wherein upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of not less than 1.75:1 and wherein upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of not less than 1.75:1 and wherein upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of not less than 1.75:1 and wherein upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount (i.e. initial amount) of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition contains at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.7%, about 99.9% or substantially all or 100% of the labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, by weight.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount (i.e. initial amount) of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition contains at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.7%, about 99.9% or substantially all or 100% of the labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, by weight.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition contains at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.7%, about 99.9%, substantially all or 100% of the labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, by weight.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition contains at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, about 99.9%, substantially all or 100% of the labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, by weight.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition contains not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product. The term “degradation product” in the present context means “an impurity resulting from a chemical change in the composition brought about during manufacture and/or storage of the composition by the effect of, for example, light, temperature, pH, water or by reaction with an excipient and/or the immediate container closure system.” The term “specified degradation product in the present context means “a degradation product, either identified or unidentified, that is individually listed and limited with a specific acceptance criterion in the product specification” for a particular product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer and a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer and a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer and a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer and a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of about 2:5:1 to about 10:1 and upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of about 2:5:1 to about 10:1 and upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of about 2:5:1 to about 10:1 and upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an encapsulated hydroxyl compound and EPA (e.g. ethyl EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of about 2:5:1 to about 10:1 and upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, about 8 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 19 months, about 20 months, about 21 months, about 22 months, about 23 months or about 24 months, said composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and about 0.5 g to about 1.5 g of EPA (e.g. E-EPA or ultra pure E-EPA) having a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA encapsulated in a pharmaceutical capsule, wherein upon storage at 15° C. to 30° C. for a period of about 6 months, about 12 months, about 18 months, about 24 months, about 30 months, or about 36 months, at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, about 99.9% or substantially all of the labeled amount of EPA is still present in the composition. In a related embodiment, the composition has not reached its labeled expiration date during said storage period.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention provides a relatively rapid dissolution profile yet still maintains excellent stability of the encapsulated material (e.g. EPA). In a related embodiment, a composition of the invention has a dissolution profile (as measured by Rotating Dialysis Cell Dissolution (RDC) Apparatus under the conditions set forth herein below) of one or more of the following: (1) at least about 20%, at least about 23% or at least about 25% of E-EPA is dissolved by 10 minutes; (2) at least about 45%, at least about 50% or at least about 55% of E-EPA is dissolved by 30 minutes; (3) at least about 80%, at least about 82%, at least about 85% or at least about 87% of E-EPA is dissolved by 60 minutes; and/or (4) at least about 95%, at least about 97% or 100% of E-EPA is dissolved by 100 minutes. In a related embodiment, the fill material still retains the stability/peroxide values as set forth throughout this specification.

In another embodiment, a composition of the invention provides a relatively short T_(max) yet still maintains excellent stability of the encapsulated material (e.g. EPA). In a related embodiment, a composition of the invention, upon administration to a subject, exhibits an EPA T_(max) less than 6 hours, less than 5.8 hours, less than 5.6 hours, less than 5.4 hours or less than 5.2 hours, for example about 4.8 to about 5.2 hours. In a related embodiment, the fill material still retains the stability/peroxide values as set forth throughout this specification.

In one embodiment, a method for treatment and/or prevention of a cardiovascular-related disease using a composition as described herein is provided. The term “cardiovascular-related disease” herein refers to any disease or disorder of the heart or blood vessels (i.e. arteries and veins) or any symptom thereof. The term “cardiovascular-related disease” herein refers to any disease or disorder of the heart or blood vessels (i.e. arteries and veins) or any symptom thereof, or any disease or condition that causes or contributes to a cardiovascular disease.” Non-limiting examples of cardiovascular-related diseases include acute cardiac ischemic events, acute myocardial infarction, angina, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, atrial fibrulation, atherosclerosis, arterial fibrillation, cardiac insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, chronic heart failure, chronic stable angina, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, deep vein thrombosis, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, diabetic neuropathy, diastolic dysfunction in subjects with diabetes mellitus, edema, essential hypertension, eventual pulmonary embolism, fatty liver disease, heart disease, heart failure, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), homozygous familial sitosterolemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemia in HIV positive subjects, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, ischemic complications in unstable angina and myocardial infarction, low blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, mixed dyslipidemia, moderate to mild heart failure, myocardial infarction, obesity management, paroxysmal atrial/arterial fibrillation/fibrulation/flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT), particularly severe or rapid onset edema, platelet aggregation, primary hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperlipidemia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, recurrent hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT), recurrent ventricular arrhythmias, recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF), ruptured aneurysm, sitisterolemia, stroke, supraventricular tachycardia, symptomatic atrial fibrillation/flutter, tachycardia, type-II diabetes, vascular disease, venous thromboembolism, ventricular arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular events.

The term “treatment” in relation a given disease or disorder, includes, but is not limited to, inhibiting the disease or disorder, for example, arresting the development of the disease or disorder; relieving the disease or disorder, for example, causing regression of the disease or disorder; or relieving a condition caused by or resulting from the disease or disorder, for example, relieving, preventing or treating symptoms of the disease or disorder. The term “prevention” in relation to a given disease or disorder means: preventing the onset of disease development if none had occurred, preventing the disease or disorder from occurring in a subject that may be predisposed to the disorder or disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having the disorder or disease, and/or preventing further disease/disorder development if already present.

In some embodiments, compositions of the present invention can be co-administered or administered concomitantly. The terms “co-administered,” “concomitant administration,” and “administered concomitantly” are used interchangeably herein and each refer to, for example, administration of two or more agents (e.g., EPA or a derivative thereof and a hydroxyl compound) at the same time, in the same dosage unit, one immediately after the other, within five minutes of each other, within ten minutes of each other, within fifteen minutes of each other, within thirty minutes of each other, within one hour of each other, within two hours of each other, within four hours of each other, within six hours of each other, within twelve hours of each other, within one day of each other, within one week of each other, within two weeks of each other, within one month of each other, within two months of each other, within six months of each other, within one year of each other, etc.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a cardiovascular-related disease comprising co-administering to a subject in need thereof a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units). In some embodiments, one or more lipid parameters are improved by comparison with lipid parameters achieved by the additive effects of the individual treatments.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of blood lipid therapy comprising administering to a subject or subject group in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. In another embodiment, the subject or subject group has hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia and/or very high triglycerides.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated has a baseline triglyceride level (or median baseline triglyceride level in the case of a subject group), fed or fasting, of at least about 200 mg/dl, at least about 300 mg/dl, at least about 400 mg/dl, at least about 500 mg/dl, at least about 600 mg/dl, at least about 700 mg/dl, at least about 800 mg/dl, at least about 900 mg/dl, at least about 1000 mg/dl, at least about 1100 mg/dl, at least about 1200 mg/dl, at least about 1300 mg/dl, at least about 1400 mg/dl, or at least about 1500 mg/dl, for example about 400 mg/dl to about 2500 mg/dl, about 450 mg/dl to about 2000 mg/dl or about 500 mg/dl to about 1500 mg/dl.

In a related embodiment, upon treatment in accordance with the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits one or more of the following outcomes:

(a) reduced triglyceride levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(b) reduced Apo B levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(c) increased HDL-C levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(d) no increase in LDL-C levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(e) a reduction in LDL-C levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(f) a reduction in non-HDL-C levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(g) a reduction in vLDL levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(h) an increase in apo A-I levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(i) an increase in apo A-I/apo B ratio compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(j) a reduction in lipoprotein A levels compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(k) a reduction in LDL particle number compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(l) an increase in LDL size compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(m) a reduction in remnant-like particle cholesterol compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(n) a reduction in oxidized LDL compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(o) no change or a reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(p) a reduction in hemoglobin A_(1c) (HbA_(1c)) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(q) a reduction in homeostasis model insulin resistance compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(r) a reduction in lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(s) a reduction in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(t) a reduction in interleukin-6 compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(u) a reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(v) a reduction in high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(w) an increase in serum or plasma EPA compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(x) an increase in red blood cell (RBC) membrane EPA compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(y) a reduction or increase in one or more of serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), arachidonic acid (AA), palmitic acid (PA), staeridonic acid (SA) or oleic acid (OA) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound; and/or

(z) a reduction in one or more protein components of VLDL such as apolipoprotein C-III (hereinafter “APOC3”; also referred to as APOCIII or HALP2) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound.

In one embodiment, upon administering a composition of the invention to a subject, the subject exhibits a decrease in triglyceride levels, an increase in the concentrations of EPA and DPA (n-3) in red blood cells, and an increase of the ratio of EPA:arachidonic acid in red blood cells. In a related embodiment the subject exhibits substantially no or no increase in RBC DHA.

In one embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise measuring baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(z) above prior to dosing the subject or subject group. In another embodiment, the methods comprise administering a composition as disclosed herein to the subject after baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(z) are determined, and subsequently taking an additional measurement of said one or more markers.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits any 2 or more of, any 3 or more of, any 4 or more of, any 5 or more of, any 6 or more of, any 7 or more of, any 8 or more of, any 9 or more of, any 10 or more of, any 11 or more of, any 12 or more of, any 13 or more of, any 14 or more of, any 15 or more of, any 16 or more of, any 17 or more of, any 18 or more of, any 19 or more of, any 20 or more of, any 21 or more of, any 22 or more of, any 23 or more of, any 24 or more of, any 25 or more of, or all 26 of outcomes (a)-(z) described immediately above.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, the subject or subject group exhibits one or more of the following outcomes:

(a) a reduction in triglyceride level of at least about 4.8%, at least about 5%, at least about 8.7%, at least about 8.8%, at least about 10%, at least about 14.3%, at least about 14.8%, at least about 15%, at least about 17.5%, at least about 18.4%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 26.2%, at least about 28.9%, at least about 30%, at least about 32.7%, at least about 35%, at least about 35.2%, at least about 36.0%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 48.1%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) as compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(b) a less than 30% increase, less than 20% increase, less than 10% increase, less than 5% increase or no increase in non-HDL-C levels or a reduction in non-HDL-C levels of at least about 1%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 21.6%, at least about 24.2%, at least about 24.5%, at least about 25%, at least about 25.1%, at least about 28.8%, at least about 30%, at least about 34.0%, at least about 35%, at least about 37.5%, at least about 38.7%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 48.2%, at least about 50%, at least about 54.0%, at least about 55%, at least about 71.4%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 81.1%, at least about 81.3%, at least about 87.7%, or at least about 90% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) as compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(c) substantially no change in HDL-C levels, no change in HDL-C levels, or an increase in HDL-C levels of at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 3.3%, at least about 5%, at least about 5.8%, at least about 10%, at least about 10.7%, at least about 11.7%, at least about 14.8%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 27.0%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) as compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(d) a less than 60% increase, a less than 50% increase, a less than 40% increase, a less than 30% increase, less than 20% increase, less than 10% increase, less than 5% increase or no increase in LDL-C levels or a reduction in LDL-C levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 21.4%, at least about 24.7%, at least about 25%, at least about 28%, at least about 30%, at least about 32.4%, at least about 33.2%, at least about 35%, at least about 35.9%, at least about 26.9%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 48.4%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 55%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, or at least about 82% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) as compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(e) a decrease in Apo B levels of at least about 2.2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 22.6%, at least about 24.3%, at least about 25%, at least about 26.3%, at least about 26.8%, at least about 30%, at least about 33.3%, at least about 35%, at least about 35.9%, at least about 38.9% at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 47.3%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 73.8%, at least about 75%, at least about 77.1%, at least about 77.7%, at least about 87.1% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) as compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(f) a reduction in VLDL levels of at least about 3.0%, at least about 5%, at least about 9.1%, at least about 9.4%, at least about 10%, at least about 13.8%, at least about 15%, at least about 17.3%, at least about 19.6%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 26.7%, at least about 28.6%, at least about 30%, at least about 33.3%, at least about 35%, at least about 36.5%, at least about 37.1%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 46.8%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(g) an increase in apo A-I levels of at least about 3.9%, at least about 5%, at least about 9.3%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(h) an increase in apo A-I/apo B ratio of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 21%, at least about 23.2%, at least about 24.0%, at least about 25%, at least about 26.3%, at least about 30%, at least about 30.2%, at least about 31.1%, at least about 32.7% at least about 35%, at least about 37.9%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(i) a reduction in lipoprotein (a) levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(j) a reduction in mean LDL particle number of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(k) an increase in mean LDL particle size of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(l) a reduction in remnant-like particle cholesterol of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(m) a reduction in oxidized LDL of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(n) substantially no change, no significant change, or a reduction (e.g. in the case of a diabetic subject) in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(o) substantially no change, no significant change or a reduction in hemoglobin A_(1c) (HbA_(1c)) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, or at least about 50% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(p) a reduction in homeostasis model index insulin resistance of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(q) a reduction in lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(r) a reduction in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(s) a reduction in interleukin-6 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(t) a reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(u) a reduction in high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(v) an increase in serum, plasma and/or RBC EPA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 200% or at least about 400% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(w) an increase in serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell membrane EPA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, r at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 200%, or at least about 400% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(x) a reduction or increase in one or more of serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell DHA, DPA, AA, PA and/or OA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound;

(y) a reduction in total cholesterol of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 19.2%, at least about 19.4%, at least about 20%, at least about 21.2%, at least about 23.3%, at least about 23.7%, at least about 25%, at least about 26.4%, at least about 28.3%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 39.4%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60.7%, at least about 62.7%, at least about 75%, at least about 75.2%, at least about 80%, or at least about 80.2% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound; and/or

(z) reduction in one or more protein components of VLDL such as APOC3, of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 100%, at least about 105%, at least about 110%, at least about 115%, at least about 120%, at least about 125%, at least about 130%, at least about 135%, at least about 140%, at least about 145%, at least about 150%, at least about 155%, at least about 160%, at least about 165%, at least about 170%, at least about 175%, at least about 180%, at least about 185%, at least about 190%, at least about 195%, or at least about 200% (actual % change, mean % change or median % change) compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject who has received a hydroxyl compound but not EPA, or to a second subject who has received EPA but not a hydroxyl compound.

In one embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise measuring baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(z) prior to dosing the subject or subject group. In another embodiment, the methods comprise administering a composition as disclosed herein to the subject after baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(z) are determined, and subsequently taking a second measurement of the one or more markers as measured at baseline for comparison thereto.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits any 2 or more of, any 3 or more of, any 4 or more of, any 5 or more of, any 6 or more of, any 7 or more of, any 8 or more of, any 9 or more of, any 10 or more of, any 11 or more of, any 12 or more of, any 13 or more of, any 14 or more of, any 15 or more of, any 16 or more of, any 17 or more of, any 18 or more of, any 19 or more of, any 20 or more of, any 21 or more of, any 22 or more of, any 23 or more of, any 24 or more of, any 25 or more of, or all 26 of outcomes (a)-(z) described immediately above.

Parameters (a)-(z) can be measured in accordance with any clinically acceptable methodology. For example, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C and fasting blood sugar can be sample from serum and analyzed using standard photometry techniques. VLDL-TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C can be calculated or determined using serum lipoprotein fractionation by preparative ultracentrifugation and subsequent quantitative analysis by refractometry or by analytic ultracentrifugal methodology. Apo A1, Apo B and hsCRP can be determined from serum using standard nephelometry techniques. Lipoprotein (a) can be determined from serum using standard turbidimetric immunoassay techniques. LDL particle number and particle size can be determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Remnants lipoproteins and LDL-phospholipase A2 can be determined from EDTA plasma or serum and serum, respectively, using enzymatic immunoseparation techniques. Oxidized LDL, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6 levels can be determined from serum using standard enzyme immunoassay techniques. APOC3 levels can be determined by known quantitative methods including, for example, antibody-based assays such as ELISA. These techniques are described in detail in standard textbooks, for example Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 6^(th) Ed. (Burtis, Ashwood and Borter Eds.), WB Saunders Company.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention has previously been treated with a therapeutic regimen that included administration of Lovaza® (e.g., a combination of Lovaza and fenofibrate) and has experienced an increase in, or no decrease in, LDL-C levels and/or non-HDL-C levels. In one such embodiment, Lovaza® therapy is discontinued and replaced by a method of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline absolute plasma level of free EPA (or mean thereof in the case of a subject group) not greater than about 0.70 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.65 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.60 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.55 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.50 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.45 nmol/ml, or not greater than about 0.40 nmol/ml. In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a baseline fasting plasma level (or mean thereof) of free EPA, expressed as a percentage of total free fatty acid, of not more than about 3%, not more than about 2.5%, not more than about 2%, not more than about 1.5%, not more than about 1%, not more than about 0.75%, not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.2% or not more than about 0.15%. In one such embodiment, free plasma EPA and/or total fatty acid levels are determined prior to initiating therapy.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline absolute plasma level of total fatty acid (or mean thereof) not greater than about 250 nmol/ml, not greater than about 200 nmol/ml, not greater than about 150 nmol/ml, not greater than about 100 nmol/ml, or not greater than about 50 nmol/ml.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline plasma, serum or red blood cell membrane EPA level not greater than about 70 μg/ml, not greater than about 60 μg/ml, not greater than about 50 μg/ml, not greater than about 40 μg/ml, not greater than about 30 μg/ml, or not greater than about 25 μg/ml.

In another embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise a step of measuring the subject's (or subject group's mean) baseline lipid profile prior to initiating therapy. In another embodiment, methods of the invention comprise the step of identifying a subject or subject group having one or more of the following: baseline non-HDL-C value of about 200 mg/dl to about 400 mg/dl, for example at least about 210 mg/dl, at least about 220 mg/dl, at least about 230 mg/dl, at least about 240 mg/dl, at least about 250 mg/dl, at least about 260 mg/dl, at least about 270 mg/dl, at least about 280 mg/dl, at least about 290 mg/dl, or at least about 300 mg/dl; baseline total cholesterol value of about 250 mg/dl to about 400 mg/dl, for example at least about 260 mg/dl, at least about 270 mg/dl, at least about 280 mg/dl or at least about 290 mg/dl; baseline VLDL-C value of about 140 mg/dl to about 200 mg/dl, for example at least about 150 mg/dl, at least about 160 mg/dl, at least about 170 mg/dl, at least about 180 mg/dl or at least about 190 mg/dl; baseline HDL-C value of about 10 to about 60 mg/dl, for example not more than about 40 mg/dl, not more than about 35 mg/dl, not more than about 30 mg/dl, not more than about 25 mg/dl, not more than about 20 mg/dl, or not more than about 15 mg/dl; and/or baseline LDL-C value of about 50 to about 300 mg/dl, for example not less than about 100 mg/dl, not less than about 90 mg/dl, not less than about 80 mg/dl, not less than about 70 mg/dl, not less than about 60 mg/dl or not less than about 50 mg/dl.

In one embodiment, compositions of the invention are packaged in blister packs. In another embodiment, the blister packs comprise PCTFE (for example 50μ□ laminated with water based adhesive to clear PVC (for example 190μ□□ which are heat sealed to aluminum foil).

In one embodiment, subjects fast for up to 12 hours prior to blood sample collection, for example about 10 hours.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of blood lipid therapy comprising administering to a subject in need thereof 1 to a plurality of dosage units comprising a composition or compositions as disclosed herein. In another embodiment, the subject being treated has a baseline triglyceride level, prior to treatment with a composition of the present invention, greater than or equal to about 150 mg/dl, greater than or equal to about 175 mg/dl, greater than or equal to about 200 mg/dl, greater than or equal to about 250 mg/dl, or greater than or equal to 500 mg/dl, for example about 200 mg/dl to about 2000 mg/dl, about 200 mg/dl to 499 mg/dl, about 300 to about 1800 mg/dl, about 500 mg/dl to about 1500 mg/dl, or 500 mg/dl to about 2000 mg/dl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing primary hypercholesterolemia and/or mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein. In a related embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing triglyceride levels in a subject or subjects when treatment with a statin or niacin extended-release monotherapy is considered inadequate (Frederickson type IV hyperlipidemia).

In a related embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing triglyceride levels in a subject or subjects when treatment with a monotherapy is considered inadequate. Monotherapy is considered inadequate when, for example, the subject's non-HDL-C level is not lowered or is not lowered to the degree desired, the subject's LDL-C level increases more than about 5% compared to baseline or to placebo control, the subject's LDL-C level is not improved or is not improved to the degree desired, the subject's HDL-C level is not improved or is not improved to the degree desired, and/or the subject's triglyceride level is not improved or is not improved to the degree desired. In some embodiments, the monotherapy includes administration of Lovaza, a hydroxyl compound, or a statin.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing nonfatal myocardial infarction, comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to the subject a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing risk of recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction in a subject with a history of myocardial infarction, comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to the subject a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of slowing progression of or promoting regression of atherosclerotic disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to the subject a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating obesity in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to a subject in need thereof a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing very high serum triglyceride levels (e.g, Types IV and V hyperlipidemia) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to the subject a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating subjects having very high serum triglyceride levels (e.g., greater than 1000 mg/dl or greater than 2000 mg/dl) and that are at risk of developing pancreatitis, comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to the subject a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating subjects having homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to the subject a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of preventing recurrence of stroke, comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to a subject with a history of stroke a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of preventing onset and/or recurrence of cardiovascular events in a subject who has escaped the unstable period after cardiovascular angioplasty, comprising administering (e.g., co-administering) to the subject a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing Apo-B and non-HDL cholesterol levels in a subject group with a baseline LDL-cholesterol level of at least 100 mg/dl, a baseline non-HDL-cholesterol level of at least 130 mg/dl and a baseline triglyceride level of at least 200 mg/dl, and reducing the Apo-B and the non-HDL-cholesterol level of the subject group by administering (e.g., co-administering) a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein to members of the subject group.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of reducing Apo-B levels in a subject group, comprising measuring LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in subjects, providing a subject group with a baseline LDL-cholesterol level of at least 100 mg/dL, a baseline non-HDL-cholesterol level of at least 130 mg/dL, and a baseline triglyceride level of at least 200 mg/dL, and reducing the Apo-B levels of the subject group by administering (e.g., co-administering) to members of the subject group a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein in an amount effective to reduce the Apo-B levels of the subject group in a statistically significant amount as compared to a control treatment, wherein an increase or statistically significant increase of LDL-cholesterol level is avoided.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of reducing Apo-B levels in a subject group, comprising providing a subject group with a baseline LDL-cholesterol level of at least 100 mg/dL, a baseline non-HDL-cholesterol level of at least 130 mg/dL, and a baseline triglyceride level of at least 200 mg/dL, reducing the Apo-B levels of the subject group by administering (e.g., co-administering) to members of the subject group a composition or compositions comprising EPA and a hydroxyl compound (either as a single dosage unit or as multiple dosage units) as disclosed herein in an amount effective to reduce the Apo-B levels of the subject group in a statistically significant amount as compared to a control treatment, and determining the reduction in the Apo-B levels of the subject group.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention is administered to a subject in an amount sufficient to provide a daily dose of eicosapentaenoic acid of about 1 mg to about 10,000 mg, 25 about 5000 mg, about 50 to about 3000 mg, about 75 mg to about 2500 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 60 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, about 500 mg, about 525 mg, about 550 mg, about 575 mg, about 600 mg, about 625 mg, about 650 mg, about 675 mg, about 700 mg, about 725 mg, about 750 mg, about 775 mg, about 800 mg, about 825 mg, about 850 mg, about 875 mg, about 900 mg, about 925 mg, about 950 mg, about 975 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1225 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1275 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1325 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1375 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1425 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1475 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1525 mg, about 1550 mg, about 1575 mg, about 1600 mg, about 1625 mg, about 1650 mg, about 1675 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1725 mg, about 1750 mg, about 1775 mg, about 1800 mg, about 1825 mg, about 1850 mg, about 1875 mg, about 1900 mg, about 1925 mg, about 1950 mg, about 1975 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2025 mg, about 2050 mg, about 2075 mg, about 2100 mg, about 2125 mg, about 2150 mg, about 2175 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2225 mg, about 2250 mg, about 2275 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2325 mg, about 2350 mg, about 2375 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2425 mg, about 2450 mg, about 2475 mg, about 2500 mg, 2525 mg, about 2550 mg, about 2575 mg, about 2600 mg, about 2625 mg, about 2650 mg, about 2675 mg, about 2700 mg, about 2725 mg, about 2750 mg, about 2775 mg, about 2800 mg, about 2825 mg, about 2850 mg, about 2875 mg, about 2900 mg, about 2925 mg, about 2950 mg, about 2975 mg, about 3000 mg, about 3025 mg, about 3050 mg, about 3075 mg, about 3100 mg, about 3125 mg, about 3150 mg, about 3175 mg, about 3200 mg, about 3225 mg, about 3250 mg, about 3275 mg, about 3300 mg, about 3325 mg, about 3350 mg, about 3375 mg, about 3400 mg, about 3425 mg, about 3450 mg, about 3475 mg, about 3500 mg, about 3525 mg, about 3550 mg, about 3575 mg, about 3600 mg, about 3625 mg, about 3650 mg, about 3675 mg, about 3700 mg, about 3725 mg, about 3750 mg, about 3775 mg, about 3800 mg, about 3825 mg, about 3850 mg, about 3875 mg, about 3900 mg, about 3925 mg, about 3950 mg, about 3975 mg, about 4000 mg, about 4025 mg, about 4050 mg, about 4075 mg, about 4100 mg, about 4125 mg, about 4150 mg, about 4175 mg, about 4200 mg, about 4225 mg, about 4250 mg, about 4275 mg, about 4300 mg, about 4325 mg, about 4350 mg, about 4375 mg, about 4400 mg, about 4425 mg, about 4450 mg, about 4475 mg, about 4500 mg, about 4525 mg, about 4550 mg, about 4575 mg, about 4600 mg, about 4625 mg, about 4650 mg, about 4675 mg, about 4700 mg, about 4725 mg, about 4750 mg, about 4775 mg, about 4800 mg, about 4825 mg, about 4850 mg, about 4875 mg, about 4900 mg, about 4925 mg, about 4950 mg, about 4975 mg, about 5000 mg, about 5025 mg, about 5050 mg, about 5075 mg, about 5100 mg, about 5125 mg, about 5150 mg, about 5175 mg, about 5200 mg, about 5225 mg, about 5250 mg, about 5275 mg, about 5300 mg, about 5325 mg, about 5350 mg, about 5375 mg, about 5400 mg, about 5425 mg, about 5450 mg, about 5475 mg, about 5500 mg, about 5525 mg, about 5550 mg, about 5575 mg, about 5600 mg, about 5625 mg, about 5650 mg, about 5675 mg, about 5700 mg, about 5725 mg, about 5750 mg, about 5775 mg, about 5800 mg, about 5825 mg, about 5850 mg, about 5875 mg, about 5900 mg, about 5925 mg, about 5950 mg, about 5975 mg, about 6000 mg, about 6025 mg, about 6050 mg, about 6075 mg, about 6100 mg, about 6125 mg, about 6150 mg, about 6175 mg, about 6200 mg, about 6225 mg, about 6250 mg, about 6275 mg, about 6300 mg, about 6325 mg, about 6350 mg, about 6375 mg, about 6400 mg, about 6425 mg, about 6450 mg, about 6475 mg, about 6500 mg, about 6525 mg, about 6550 mg, about 6575 mg, about 6600 mg, about 6625 mg, about 6650 mg, about 6675 mg, about 6700 mg, about 6725 mg, about 6750 mg, about 6775 mg, about 6800 mg, about 6825 mg, about 6850 mg, about 6875 mg, about 6900 mg, about 6925 mg, about 6950 mg, about 6975 mg, about 7000 mg, about 7025 mg, about 7050 mg, about 7075 mg, about 7100 mg, about 7125 mg, about 7150 mg, about 7175 mg, about 7200 mg, about 7225 mg, about 7250 mg, about 7275 mg, about 7300 mg, about 7325 mg, about 7350 mg, about 7375 mg, about 7400 mg, about 7425 mg, about 7450 mg, about 7475 mg, about 7500 mg, about 7525 mg, about 7550 mg, about 7575 mg, about 7600 mg, about 7625 mg, about 7650 mg, about 7675 mg, about 7700 mg, about 7725 mg, about 7750 mg, about 7775 mg, about 7800 mg, about 7825 mg, about 7850 mg, about 7875 mg, about 7900 mg, about 7925 mg, about 7950 mg, about 7975 mg, about 8000 mg, about 8025 mg, about 8050 mg, about 8075 mg, about 8100 mg, about 8125 mg, about 8150 mg, about 8175 mg, about 8200 mg, about 8225 mg, about 8250 mg, about 8275 mg, about 8300 mg, about 8325 mg, about 8350 mg, about 8375 mg, about 8400 mg, about 8425 mg, about 8450 mg, about 8475 mg, about 8500 mg, about 8525 mg, about 8550 mg, about 8575 mg, about 8600 mg, about 8625 mg, about 8650 mg, about 8675 mg, about 8700 mg, about 8725 mg, about 8750 mg, about 8775 mg, about 8800 mg, about 8825 mg, about 8850 mg, about 8875 mg, about 8900 mg, about 8925 mg, about 8950 mg, about 8975 mg, about 9000 mg, about 9025 mg, about 9050 mg, about 9075 mg, about 9100 mg, about 9125 mg, about 9150 mg, about 9175 mg, about 9200 mg, about 9225 mg, about 9250 mg, about 9275 mg, about 9300 mg, about 9325 mg, about 9350 mg, about 9375 mg, about 9400 mg, about 9425 mg, about 9450 mg, about 9475 mg, about 9500 mg, about 9525 mg, about 9550 mg, about 9575 mg, about 9600 mg, about 9625 mg, about 9650 mg, about 9675 mg, about 9700 mg, about 9725 mg, about 9750 mg, about 9775 mg, about 9800 mg, about 9825 mg, about 9850 mg, about 9875 mg, about 9900 mg, about 9925 mg, about 9950 mg, about 9975 mg, or about 10,000 mg.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention is administered to a subject in an amount sufficient to provide a daily dose of a hydroxyl compound of about 5 mg to about 2000 mg, for example about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 28 mg, about 28.5 mg, about 28.6 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 60 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 110 mg, about 115 mg, about 120 mg, about 125 mg, about 130 mg, about 135 mg, about 140 mg, about 145 mg, about 150 mg, about 155 mg, about 160 mg, about 165 mg, about 170 mg, about 175 mg, about 180 mg, about 185 mg, about 190 mg, about 195 mg, about 200 mg, about 205 mg, about 210 mg, about 215 mg, about 220 mg, about 225 mg, about 230 mg, about 235 mg, about 240 mg, about 245 mg, about 250 mg, about 255 mg, about 260 mg, about 265 mg, about 270 mg, about 275 mg, about 280 mg, about 285 mg, about 290 mg, about 295 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, about 500 mg, about 525 mg, about 550 mg, about 575 mg, about 600 mg, about 625 mg, about 650 mg, about 675 mg, about 700 mg, about 725 mg, about 750 mg, about 775 mg, about 800 mg, about 825 mg, about 850 mg, about 875 mg, about 900 mg, about 925 mg, about 950 mg, about 975 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1125 mg, about 1150 mg, about 1175 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1225 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1275 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1325 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1375 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1425 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1475 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1525 mg, about 1550 mg, about 1575 mg, about 1600 mg, about 1625 mg, about 1650 mg, about 1675 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1725 mg, about 1750 mg, about 1775 mg, about 1800 mg, about 1825 mg, about 1850 mg, about 1875 mg, about 1900 mg, about 1925 mg, about 1950 mg, about 1975 mg, or about 2000 mg.

In one embodiment, the composition is provided in a divided dose in order to provide the desired daily dose of the hydroxyl compound and of the EPA. For example, a daily dose of about 40 mg, about 80 mg or about 120 mg of the hydroxyl compound and about 4 g of EPA may be provided in one or a plurality of doses, such as 1 dose per day, 2 divided doses per day, 3 divided doses per day, 4 divided doses per day, 5 divided doses per day, 6 divided doses per day, 7 divided doses per day, 8 divided doses per day, 9 divided doses per day, 10 divided doses per day, or more. Accordingly, a method of the present invention comprises administering to a subject 4 capsules per day, each capsule comprising about 10 mg, about 20 mg, or about 30 mg of the hydroxyl compound and about 800 mg to about 1200 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate.

In one embodiment, compositions of the invention are orally deliverable. The terms “orally deliverable” or “oral administration” herein include any form of delivery of a therapeutic agent or a composition thereof to a subject wherein the agent or composition is placed in the mouth of the subject, whether or not the agent or composition is swallowed. Thus “oral administration” includes buccal and sublingual as well as esophageal administration.

In some embodiments, compositions of the invention are in the form of solid dosage forms. Non-limiting examples of suitable solid dosage forms include tablets (e.g. suspension tablets, bite suspension tablets, rapid dispersion tablets, chewable tablets, melt tablets, effervescent tablets, bilayer tablets, etc), caplets, capsules (e.g. a soft or a hard gelatin capsule filled with solid and/or liquids), powder (e.g. a packaged powder, a dispensable powder or an effervescent powder), lozenges, sachets, cachets, troches, pellets, granules, microgranules, encapsulated microgranules, powder aerosol formulations, or any other solid dosage form reasonably adapted for oral administration.

The fatty acid component (e.g., EPA) and the hydroxyl compound can be co-formulated in the same dosage unit, or can be individually formulated in separate dosage units. The terms “dose unit” and “dosage unit” herein refer to a portion of a pharmaceutical composition that contains an amount of a therapeutic agent suitable for a single administration to provide a therapeutic effect. Such dosage units may be administered one to a plurality (e.g., 1 to about 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1 to 4 or 1 to 2) of times per day, for example 1 to about 10 times per day, 1 to 8 times per day, 1 to 6 times per day, 1 to 4 times per day, 1 to 2 times per day, once per day, twice per day, 3 times per day, 4 times per day, 5 times per day, 6 times per day, 7 times per day, 8 times per day, 9 times per day, 10 times per day, or as many times as needed to elicit a therapeutic response.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises a hydroxyl compound dispersed or suspended in EPA, wherein the dispersion or suspension is present in a capsule (for example gelatin or HPMC capsule), sachet, or other dosage form or carrier as described herein. In another embodiment, the dispersion or suspension is substantially uniform. In still another embodiment, where co-administration of two or more dosage units is desired, the EPA is present in a first dosage unit, for example a suspension in a capsule, and the hydroxyl compound is present in second dosage unit, for example a tablet. Optionally, any desired additional agent can be present in a third composition.

In another embodiment, composition(s) of the invention can be in the form of liquid dosage forms or dose units to be imbibed directly or they can be mixed with food or beverage prior to ingestion. Non-limiting examples of suitable liquid dosage forms include solutions, suspension, elixirs, syrups, liquid aerosol formulations, etc.

In one embodiment, compositions of the invention, upon storage in a closed container maintained at room temperature, refrigerated (e.g. about 5 to about 5-10° C.) temperature, or frozen for a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months, exhibit at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97.5%, or at least about 99% of the active ingredient(s) originally present therein.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a cardiovascular-related disease or disorder in a subject receiving therapy including a hydroxyl compound as described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, or greater than about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the subject is administered the composition for a period of time to effect a reduction in triglyceride levels, for example a reduction of at least about 5% (compared to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject or subject group who has received ethyl eicosapentaenoate but not the hydroxyl compound, or to a second subject or subject group who has received the hydroxyl compound but not ethyl eicosapentaenoate). In some embodiments, the cardiovascular-related disease or disorder is hyperlipidemia or homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH). In some embodiments, the subject has a baseline fasting triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to about 499 mg/dl and is optionally on statin therapy (e.g., stable statin therapy). In some embodiments, the subject has a baseline fasting triglyceride level of at least about 500 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl compound and the composition comprising ethyl eicosapentaenoate are present in a single dosage form. In other embodiments, the hydroxyl compound is in a dosage form separate from the ethyl eicosapentaenoate.

In another embodiment, any of the methods disclosed herein are used in treatment or prevention of a subject or subjects that consume a traditional Western diet. In one embodiment, the methods of the invention include a step of identifying a subject as a Western diet consumer or prudent diet consumer and then treating the subject if the subject is deemed a Western diet consumer. The term “Western diet” herein refers generally to a typical diet consisting of, by percentage of total calories, about 45% to about 50% carbohydrate, about 35% to about 40% fat, and about 10% to about 15% protein. A Western diet may alternately or additionally be characterized by relatively high intakes of red and processed meats, sweets, refined grains, and desserts, for example more than 50%, more than 60% or more or 70% of total calories come from these sources. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and ethyl eicosapentaenoate, wherein the hydroxyl compound is a compound of Formula I;

wherein (a) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 5; (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 3 to 7; (c) X is (CH2)z or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group; (d) each occurrence of R¹, R², R¹¹, and R¹² is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, wherein R¹, R², R¹¹ and R¹² are not each simultaneously H; and (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, OH, COOH, COOR⁵, SO₃H,

wherein (i) Y¹ and Y² are not each simultaneously (C1-C6)alkyl; (ii) R³ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (iii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; and (iv) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl, a compound of Formula II;

(a) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 3 to 7; (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 5; (c) X is (CH2), or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group; (d) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² independently OH, COOH, COOR⁷, SO₃H,

wherein (i) R⁷ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (ii) each occurrence of R⁸ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (iii) each occurrence of R⁹ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl; (e) R³ and R⁴ are (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl; (f) R⁵ and R⁶ are H, halogen, (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C6)aryloxy, CN, or NO2, N(R⁵)2 where R⁵ is H, (C1-C4)alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; (g) C*¹ and C*² represent independent chiral-carbon centers wherein each center may independently be R or S, a compound of Formula III;

(a) each occurrence of R¹, R², R⁶, R⁷, R¹¹, or R¹² is independently hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl; (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 7; (c) X is (CH2)z or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group; (d) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 4; (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, CH2OH, C(O)OH, OC(O)R³, C(O)OR³, SO₃H,

(i) R³ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (ii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (iii) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl; and (f) b is 0 or 1 and optionally the ring contains the presence of one or more additional carbon-carbon bonds that when present complete one or more carbon-carbon double bonds such that when b is 0 the maximum number of carbon-carbon bonds is two or when b is 1 the maximum number of carbon-carbon bonds is three, a compound of Formula IV;

(a) each occurrence of R¹, R², R⁶, R⁷, R¹¹, or R¹² is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl; (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 7; (c) X is (CH2)z or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group; (d) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 4; (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, CH2OH, C(O)OH, OC(O)R³, C(O)OR³, SO₃H,

wherein (i) R³ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (ii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (iii) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl; and (f) each occurrence of b is independently 0 or 1 and optionally each of the rings independently contains the presence of one or more additional carbon-carbon bonds that when present complete one or more carbon-carbon double bonds such that when b is 0 the maximum number of carbon-carbon bonds is two or when b is 1 the maximum number of carbon-carbon bonds is three, a compound of Formula V;

(a) each occurrence of R¹, R², R⁶, R⁷, R¹¹, or R¹² is independently hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl; (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 7; (c) X is (CH2)z or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group; (d) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 4; (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, CH2OH, C(O)OH, OC(O)R³, C(O)OR³, SO₃H,

wherein (i) R³ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (ii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (iii) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl; and (f) b is 0 or 1 and optionally the ring contains one or more carbon-carbon bonds that when present complete one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; a compound of Formula VI;

(a) each occurrence of R¹, R², R⁶, R⁷, R¹¹, or R¹² is independently hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl; (b) each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 7; (c) X is (CH2)z or Ph, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4 and Ph is a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4 substituted phenyl group; (d) each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 4; (e) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, CH2OH, C(O)OH, OC(O)R³, C(O)OR³, SO₃H,

wherein (i) R³ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (ii) each occurrence of R⁴ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (iii) each occurrence of R⁵ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl; and (f) b is 0 or 1 and optionally the ring contains one or more carbon-carbon bonds that when present complete one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, a compound of Formula VII;

(a) Z is CH2, CH═CH, or phenyl, where each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 9, but when Z is phenyl then its associated m is 1; (b) G is (CH2)x, where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, CH2CH═CHCH2, CH═CH, CH2-phenyl-CH2, or phenyl; (c) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently L, V, C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH2)n-Y, or C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)c-V where c is 1 or 2 and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; when G is (CH2)x, where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, W2 is CH3; (d) each occurrence of R¹ or R² is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl or when one or both of Y¹ and Y² is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH2)n-W, then R¹ and R² can both be H to form a methylene group; (e) R³ is H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, or CF3; (f) R⁴ is OH, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, or CF3; (g) L is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)n-W; (h) V is:

(i) each occurrence of W is independently OH, COOH, CHO, COOR⁵, SO3H,

wherein (i) R⁵ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (ii) each occurrence of R⁶ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (iii) each occurrence of R⁷ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl; and (j) X is (CH2)z or PH, wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4, a compound of Formula VIII;

(a) Z is CH2, CH═CH, or phenyl, where each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 9, but when Z is phenyl then its associated m is 1; (b) G is (CH2)x, where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, CH2CH═CHCH2, CH═CH, CH2-phenyl-CH2, or phenyl; (c) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently L, V, C(R¹)(R²)(CH2)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH2)n-Y, or C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)c-V where c is 1 or 2 and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; when G is (CH2)x, where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, W2 is CH3; (d) each occurrence of R¹ or R² is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl or when one or both of Y¹ and Y² is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH2)n-W, then R¹ and R² can both be H to form a methylene group; (e) R³ is H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, or CF3; (f) R⁴ is OH, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, or CF3; (g) L is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)n-W; (h) V is:

(i) each occurrence of W is independently OH, COOH, CHO, COOR⁵, SO₃H,

(i) R⁵ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (ii) each occurrence of R⁶ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; and (iii) each occurrence of R⁷ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl, a compound of Formula IX; or

(a) Z is CH2, CH═CH, or phenyl, where each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 9, but when Z is phenyl then its associated m is 1; (b) G is (CH2)x, where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, CH2CH═CHCH2, CH═CH, CH2-phenyl-CH2, or phenyl; (c) each occurrence of Y¹ and Y² is independently L, V, C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH2)n-Y, or C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)c-V where c is 1 or 2 and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; when G is (CH2)x, where x is 1, 2, 3, or 4, W2 is CH3; (d) each occurrence of R¹ or R² is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl or when one or both of Y¹ and Y² is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)c-C(R³)(R⁴)—(CH2)n-W, then R¹ and R² can both be H to form a methylene group; (e) R³ is H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, or CF3; (f) R⁴ is OH, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, or CF3; (g) L is C(R¹)(R²)—(CH2)n-W; (h) V is:

(i) each occurrence of W is independently OH, COOH, CHO, COOR⁵, SO3H,

wherein (i) R⁵ is (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; (ii) each occurrence of R⁶ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halo, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, or phenyl groups; and (iii) each occurrence of R⁷ is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, or (C2-C6)alkynyl, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, an enantiomer thereof, a diastereomer thereof, a racemate thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, and mixtures thereof.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hydroxyl compound is present in an amount less than, about equal to, or greater than an effective amount of the hydroxyl compound when administered as a monotherapy.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hydroxyl compound is present in an amount of about 5 mg to about 2000 mg.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ethyl eicosapentaenoate is present in an amount of about 400 mg to about 5000 mg.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hydroxyl compound is dispersed or suspended in the ethyl eicosapentaenoate.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hydroxyl compound is 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid.
 8. A method of treating a cardiovascular-related disease or disorder in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising a hydroxyl compound and a composition comprising at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, wherein the hydroxyl compound is: a compound of Formula I;

a compound of Formula II;

a compound of Formula III;

a compound of Formula IV;

a compound of Formula V;

a compound of Formula VI;

a compound of Formula VII;

a compound of Formula VIII;

a compound of Formula IX; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, an enantiomer thereof, a diastereomer thereof, a racemate thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, and mixtures thereof.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the cardiovascular-related disease or disorder is hyperlipidemia or homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH).
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the subject has a baseline fasting triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to about 499 mg/dl.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the subject is on statin therapy.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the subject has a baseline fasting triglyceride level of at least about 500 mg/dl.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the subject is administered the composition for a period of time to effect a reduction in triglyceride levels of at least about 5%.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the reduction is in comparison to baseline, to placebo control or to a second subject or subject group who has received ethyl eicosapentaenoate but not the hydroxyl compound.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the reduction is in comparison to a second subject or subject group who has received the hydroxyl compound but not ethyl eicosapentaenoate.
 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition comprising the hydroxyl compound and the composition comprising ethyl eicosapentaenoate are present in a single dosage form.
 17. The method of claim 8, wherein the hydroxyl compound is in a dosage form separate from the ethyl eicosapentaenoate.
 18. A method of treating a cardiovascular-related disease or disorder in a subject receiving therapy including a hydroxyl compound, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, wherein the hydroxyl compound is: a compound of Formula I;

a compound of Formula II;

a compound of Formula III;

a compound of Formula IV;

a compound of Formula V;

a compound of Formula VI;

a compound of Formula VII;

a compound of Formula VIII;

a compound of Formula IX; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, an enantiomer thereof, a diastereomer thereof, a racemate thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, and mixtures thereof.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the subject is administered the composition for a period of time to effect a reduction in triglyceride levels of at least about 5%.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the reduction is in comparison to baseline, to placebo control, to a second subject or subject group who has received ethyl eicosapentaenoate but not the hydroxyl compound, or to a second subject or subject group who has received the hydroxyl compound but not ethyl eicosapentaenoate. 